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Creative Media Sector
Unit 7: Understanding the Creative
Media Sector
Learning outcome 1:
Understand the structure and ownership of the media sector
Name: _Scott Harrand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Understand the structure and ownership of the creative media sector
Use this workbook to help you with this learning outcome. There is some guidance and further notes which you should read and then remove, replacing it with your own answers.
Provide a definition of the following different types of ownership and provide an example of a company which is owned in such a way.
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Private ownership is… when a company is not owned by the government, but instead, by normal people, both citizens and shareholders to the company. For example, the successful supermarket chain Aldi is a privately owned company.
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Public service broadcasting is… a sort of broadcasting company that is either owned by the state (the government) or is funded by allowing slots for advertisement in their channels. They can also receive money via product placement in television shows. The BBC is an example of Public Service Broadcasting in the sense that they are owned and funded by the government.
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Multinationals are… companies that are spread across many different countries, often either being owned by a large company or owning other smaller countries in an international conglomerate, but this is not always the case. One example of a company that operates over a wide range of countries is the video game producers Rockstar Games.
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Independents are… companies that exist as completely self-sufficient entities, and is in no way coerced to change the material they produce due to outside influences from any government or group that could fund them. The Huffington Post, a news blogging site, began as an Independent company before eventually being bought out. Many Independent companies can be bought out, or may eventually close down, but some still manage to survive and thrive.
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Conglomerates are… when several companies, often from different industries, come together in as a large group. Conglomerates may often have a hierarchy of parent companies, the largest and most powerful company in the group, with their subsidiaries, often smaller groups working under them. Time Warner is a prime example of a conglomerate, and is in fact the largest media in conglomerate in the entire world. Their subsidiaries include many successful companies, spanning a range of media industries, such as filmmaking, comic publishing and television shows.
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Voluntary or not for profit organisations are… organizations that do not exist to make profit. These organizations are often set up for charitable reasons, and any money that they bring in will go towards their charitable cause, sometimes with a fraction going towards maintaining their organization and ensuring that it can continue. Voluntary organizations often differ in the ways they are run. The Voluntary Organization “Accessible Arts and Media” in York exists that aids disabled people to create and produce their own media, the profits of which go towards helping the disabled community.
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What are some of the challenges faced by independent media companies?
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Independent media companies can often struggle due to their lack of ample funding, as they have to be self-sufficient companies. They also have to fight for popularity in the face of many Publicly or Privately funded companies that may be better advertised or have larger budgets. These problems mean that many Independent companies end up failing and having to close down, or that the successful ones are eventually bought by a larger company due to their popularity. For example, Blitz Games Studios were an independent game developer, which later went out of business in late 2013 due to financial difficulties and being unable to gather the necessary funds to continue on producing any new products. Independent media companies or more likely than most media companies to struggle financially as they cannot rely on financial aid from outside sources.
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What are some of the challenges faced by multinational media companies?
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Multinational companies may find difficulties in managing their business, because they will be at the mercy of many different laws and restrictions unique to the individual countries that they have based their operations in. This means that while one sector of their company will be legally able to do something, another may not be able to. It can also be difficult to manage all the sectors across the world in all the different countries while still maintaining a focused business idea, especially if their companies are producing media in all of these countries, as different countries will have different customers all wanting something different.
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What is cross media ownership?
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Cross-media ownership is when a business or organization owns a variety of different types of media platforms from which they can convey their business idea. For example, the popular company Kerrang! Owns a variety of media, including their own magazines, radio station and television channel.
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What is diversification?
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Diversification is when a media label or organization expands out from what it originally produced into a wider range of, often unrelated, products and services. A prime example of diversified media is the media company Virgin, which began as a distributor or music and has since expanded out into many different consumer goods and services. Diversification is quite an effective business strategy as it promotes brand recognition, as well as ensuring financial security, as, if one of your products is not successful, it is very likely that at least one of the many others will be, meaning there will be balanced financial loss and gain.
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What is horizontal integration?
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Horizontal integration is when a conglomerate owns multiple companies or businesses that are all producing their respective product or media at the same time as each other. For example, Time Warner, a multi-industry media conglomerate, has many subsidiaries that are producing movies, video games, comics and music simultaneously.
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What is vertical integration?
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(Provide an explanation and then embellish it using examples) Vertical integration means that a conglomerates has companies that are not at the same pace and level of production. This means that sometimes one part of the company will begin producing as a consequence of another one having finished doing so. For example, Time Warner has vertical integration as well as horizontal. Different companies in the conglomerate will produce, exhibit and distribute the films that are made under the Time Warner label, this will occur at different times, often one after the other.
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What are some of the advantages of these different ways of structuring a company?
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A benefit of horizontal integration is that there is a large output of media being produced. A company may be producing comics, movies, television shows and video games all at one time. And if one or more of these business ventures are unsuccessful, then the company may still be able to win back their losses if yet another one of the things being produced has success. This makes financial stability more likely. Vertical integration is also beneficial to the company as it means that the large amount of work that went into something such as making a film can be shared between a group of companies and businesses rather than the burden falling on the shoulders of one company or subsidiary.
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Use the following table to show how the Disney Company is structured.
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Production
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Walt Disney Pictures
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Walt Disney Animation Studios
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Pixar Animation Studios
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Distribution
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Hulu
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ABC
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Radio Disney
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Screening
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Vue
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Royal Cinema
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City Screen
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What different ways can ownership are shared out?
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Ownership of a media company can be shared out in a wide variety of ways. One common way is small shares being shared out between shareholders, who are on the stock market. Other companies can also own other companies in conglomerates, and therefore have a part of their power.
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What is a merger? Why would companies merge together?
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A merger is when two companies merge their businesses together in an equal partnership. This is a mutual and wholly consensual decision that is often made as a means to improve their financial means by combining them.
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What is a takeover? Why do companies take each other over?
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A takeover is similar to a merger, but with a few distinct differences. There is often a disparity in a merger, meaning that a larger company is taking over a smaller company by buying them out. A takeover is not always entered into with mutual satisfaction for both parties, and some takeovers are known as “hostile takeovers”, highlighting the more aggressive nature of a takeover.
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What is cross media regulation?
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Cross-media regulation is the restrictions that are imposed to prevent any one person or party from having too much power and influence over the overall media. For example, if a newspaper holds over a 20% market share they are not allowed to have their own radio station, neither national nor regional. Political parties can also not have their own broadcasting license.
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Should we have restrictions on the amount of media outlets people can own?
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It is important to ensure that no one person has too much power over the media, because the media is an extremely influential part of people’s thoughts and beliefs. If one person were to own the majority, or the entirety, of the media, they would easily be able to create propaganda to indoctrinate people into their belief systems. Because of this, it is important that there are restrictions placed upon media moguls to prevent them from owning too much of the media, and maintain a diverse range of beliefs and ideas in the media.
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Time Warner.
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You should select an organisation to work with to help you answer the following questions. It can be in any media sector. Researching your company in detail will help you produce stronger answers.
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What income streams does your chosen company have?
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Time Warner has a very wide range of income streams, being one of the largest media conglomerates in the world. Through it’s subsidiaries it has a wide range of income streams, including television, publishing, internet and film income streams.
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What is product diversity? How diverse is your company’s product range?
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Time Warner’s most well known product is films, being produced by their film industry subsidiary Warner Bros. However, Time Warner also owns many television channels, such as HBO, which produces a range of television shows and some films. Time Warner also owns DC Comics, and therefore through this subsidiary produces many different comics.
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What advantages does this give your company in the market place?
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The fact that Time Warner is a large conglomerate that spans multiple media industries, which allows for a certain degree of intersectionality between the operating subsidiaries and their products. For example, with Time Warner, they own Warner Bros and DC Comics, which allows the company to take the popular DC Comics such as Batman, and appeal to the already existing market and audience that the comics have and produce films adapted from the comic.
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Why is the profitability of a product range so important to a company?
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(Use examples from your chosen company or others to highlight how some of their products may be very successful whilst others are not.) It is important that there is a wide range of diverse products in a product range to ensure stable profitability. This means that if one of the products in their range is unsuccessful, and does not rake in a good profit, there is still a chance that one of their other products may do better and balance out the economic losses. For example, if Warner Bros produced a film that did poorly at the box office, the financial losses from that film may be equalized by a DC, for example, producing a highly successful comic.
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What advances or disadvantages are there in making big budget, mainstream products?
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Mainstream products are often assured to have an audience, which is why they have become mainstream in the first place. However, mainstream products can often become stale and repetitive, especially as there are often many other products that are very similar. For example, Warner Bros has produced many Batman movies, while the budgets that they used for those films could have been spent on more unique and new ideas.
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What are some of the objectives of your chosen company?
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Time Warner has stated on their website that they “aim to inspire, inform and entertain with high-quality content” (http://www.timewarner.com/company/corporate-responsibility/leading-responsibly/objectives-and-stakeholder-engagement) These aims are arguably the cornerstones of the entertainment media and therefore it is wise to have established these as their objectives.
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of taking part in a media franchise?
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Taking part in a media franchise can be beneficial for a company, as it means that they can multiply their income streams through a range of media and products all branching off from an original, successful product. For example, many Warner Bros movies have spawned franchises, such as the Harry Potter films. However, through franchising, many companies can be accused of reducing their products to “cash-cows” and being more concerned with making money rather than producing new, fresh content.
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What, if any, products does your company license?
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As an extremely large company, Time Warner licenses many of their products. One example of a company that Time Warner’s subsidiaries commonly license to is Lego, as many successful franchises from Time Warner are licensed to Lego to be made into a toy range, such as the Harry Potter Lego sets, or the many superhero Lego Sets licensed from DC comics. This increases the popularity of the franchise as well as creating even more income streams.
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Who is in competition with your company? How successful is your company in comparison?
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It can be argued that Time Warner is in competition with the Walt Disney Company, as the two are both one of the largest and most popular multimedia conglomerates, both producing products in the same industries. Disney and Time Warner are both especially prominent in the film industry, with Disney having a more specific target audience of young children. Time Warner, however, has a wider audience, as they make a large range of films of different genres. This means that Time Warner is more capable of expanding out their product range to new audiences, which gives them an edge in the competition between the two major media conglomerates.
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Who are your customers?
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The customers for Time Warner vary widely due to the vast nature of the media conglomerate, which is an effective marketing position. Time Warner’s many subsidiaries, and their consequent wide range of different products in each of their individuals industries means that they can appeal to virtually anyone, and therefore have a large amount of customers who could be paying to watch their films, to read their comics, view their television shows, and a great deal more. As a media entertainment conglomerate, Time Warner’s customers are anyone who is seeking entertainment.
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Which global media trends are affecting your company right now?
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Time Warner may be negatively effected by the growing popularity of websites such as Netflix, which, while primarily allowing people to view television shows and movies from other companies, they also create a platform for new, independent films and TV series’, or “Netflix exclusives”, such as Orange Is The New Black. These shows and films are often not mainstream, as many of Time Warner’s media products are, and allow for a new range of fresh ideas to be presented in their products.
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